Prologue

Introduction

Pest Outbreaks and Population Dynamics

Biotic Potential

Environmental Resistance

Biotic Factors

Abiotic Factors

Concept of Biological Control

Ecological Principles of Biological Control

Effects of Biological Control Agents

Natural Enemies

Parasite

Parasitoid

Predator

Pathogen

Attributes of Natural Enemies

Examples of the Importance of Natural Enemies in Virginia

Types of Biological Control

Augmentation

Classical Biological Control

Neoclassical Biological Control

Pests most suitable for Biological Control

How to import Biological Control Agents

History of Biological Control

Procedures of Biological Control

Major Landmarks in Biological Control

Examples of Successful Biological Control Programs

Successes in Biological Control of Insects

Successes in Biological Control of Weeds

Successes of Pathogens in Biological Control

General Rules for Releasing Biological Control Agents

Time Span in Biological Control

Single versus Multiple Biological Control Agents

Research Emphasis in Classical Biological Control

Guidelines for Host Specificity Assessment

Host Specificity Studies

Host acceptance

Host suitability

Feeding (starvation) tests

Developmental tests

Advantages of Biological Control

Disadvantages of Biological Control

Why is Biological Control not widely practiced?

Problems associated with dependence on use of Pesticides

Examples of Biological Control in Virginia

Reasons for using the Biological Control Method

Biological Control Organizations

Glossary of Biological Control Terms

Images of Examples of Biological Control in Virginia